How to Care for a Sick Baby Chick

How to Care for a Sick Baby Chick

Knowing how to care for a sick chick could mean the difference between life and death. Sometimes, no matter how careful we are, baby poultry are sick, injured, or weak. Planning ahead for these little emergencies will give your puffballs a better chance to survive and thrive.

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For more information, check out my articles How to Hatch Chicken Eggs in an Incubator and How to Care for Day Old Chicks.

You might like to read my Sick or Injured Chick Infographic for the basics…

Prevention is the Best Medicine

Before you hatch eggs or order chicks online, make sure you have all the essentials ready for their arrival.

All baby poultry need proper food, clean water, and a warm brooder (95 F for the first week, reducing by 5 degrees F each week until fully feathered out) that is free of drafts.

Be sure there is room for the chicks to move away from the heat in case it is too warm.

Use a water dish that is shallow enough that the chicks can’t drown or get stuck in the water.

Incubating Eggs ~ Clean and disinfect your incubator before starting a hatch. Use eggs that are free of debris, feces, or broken egg residue that can harbor bacteria. Don’t wash the eggs. This will remove the protective coating, making them more susceptible to bacteria. 

Keep the humidity and temps at the proper levels so chicks don’t have trouble hatching.

Dirty eggs or overly humid conditions during incubation and after hatch can cause ‘mushy chick’ disease. (Keep reading for more info.)

Ordering Hatchery Chicks

Make sure the hatchery is certified Pullorum free. Try to choose a hatchery that is close to home. If you can pick up chicks at the hatchery, that’s even better. If they must be shipped, upgrade to express shipping if you can. The less time they spend in shipping, the better.

Check all new hatchlings when they arrive to be sure they look healthy.

Dip their beaks in their drinking water when you put them in the brooder to teach them to drink. Don’t dunk too deeply, you don’t want to get water in their nostrils.

Check for signs of pasty butt. (Keep reading for more info.) 

Baby birds that have been shipped should be given probiotics in their water to help them recover from the stress of the trip.

After a day or two, add electrolytes (or a small amount of sugar) to help give them a bit of energy. Do not give sugar water when chicks first arrive or it could lead to pasty butt.

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Feed to Prevent Chicks from Getting Sick

Use chick starter feed for most chicks and game bird starter or meat bird feed for broiler chicks, turkeys, and waterfowl.

The starter feeds are formulated for their growth requirements. Meat bird feed may also be fed to chicks, turkeys, and waterfowl that have higher protein requirements (check the label to see if it is formulated for feeding on day 1).

The Importance of Fresh Feed

Make sure the feed is fresh and there is no mold or rancid scent to it.

Vitamin E breaks down in storage after about one month (faster in warm conditions), so if the feed is old you may see symptoms of a deficiency in the youngsters.

Watch for problems with twisted necks affecting chicks or flopping over on their backs and waving legs in the air with ducklings.

Administer drops of vitamin E if this happens, get fresh feed, and add a vitamin and electrolyte tablet or powder with vitamin E to their water.

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Clean Water to Prevent Chicks from Getting Sick

Use clean, fresh water that is not chlorinated and preferably hasn’t been treated with a water softener.

Several days after they arrive, you may add electrolytes to the chicks’ water to add vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and other nutrients.

After the first few days, you may give them plain water as long as they appear healthy. For a good start, I add powdered probiotics to their water from day one.

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Brooder and Bedding

Clean the brooder out thoroughly and disinfect it before introducing the babies. Line the bottom of the brooder with a non-slip material that is easy to clean. Good options include:

  • Paper towels
  • Textured vinyl shelf liner
  • Old rags or other non-slip fabric

You’ll need to clean or change the liner often so make sure it is affordable and sustainable. If you use paper towels you’ll go through a lot of them. Use the ones made from recycled paper and compost them to reduce the impact on our environment.

Don’t use anything that is slippery (such as newspaper), which can cause spraddle leg in young chicks. This is caused when their feet slip, causing difficulty standing and can lead to permanent damage to the legs.

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Heat

Many people use heat lamps and it is possible to use them safely. However, I prefer not to use them in my house and I often keep the baby birds inside for a week or two before moving them to the barn. I have used the Brinsea EcoGlow brooders with very good results, but mine no longer function.

This winter I am using two seed starting mats and they are working perfectly. Check out my article on an inexpensive Redneck Brooder System if you are concerned about the safety of heat lamps.

You may also use a 100-watt incandescent bulb to heat a small number of chicks if the temps aren’t too low. Use a thermometer to make sure the temps are close to ideal.

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Handling

Always handle baby poultry with extreme care. Gently cup them in both hands to prevent broken bones from dropping or squeezing too hard.

Children should be taught to handle chicks properly with adult supervision. Very young children don’t understand how badly they can hurt little birds. 

Limit visits from friends and family and make sure they wash their hands before and after handling birds. You may need to decline visits from friends if they may bring bacteria or viruses from their own flock or wild birds.

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Supplies

Just in case you have to deal with any problems once your baby birds arrive, it’s a great idea to have the following supplies on hand…

  • Vitamins & electrolytes for chicks (in a pinch – 1 drop of molasses & 1 tsp sugar in one quart of water)
  • Plain yogurt
  • Medicine dropper (eye dropper)
  • Small dish (can be a jar lid, thoroughly washed)
  • Cotton swabs
  • Antibiotic cream (without the pain relief meds added in)
  • Stretch bandage (the disposable elastic, non-adhesive type)
  • Antibiotics for oral administration (for a natural antibiotic use dried oregano)

Treating Sick, Injured, or Weak Chicks

Sometimes you can’t prevent problems. When ordering chicks, there may be a few that don’t recover from the 2 or 3 days spent in shipping. Hatching your own certainly doesn’t eliminate all potential problems either. So what should you do for baby poultry that aren’t thriving?

Weakness

Chicks that seem weak should be cared for quickly. Warm the little one up in your hands and feed it plain yogurt mixed with water from an eyedropper.

Don’t force the liquid into their beak (unless it’s so weak it won’t take food at all), but rather drip very small amounts onto the end of the beak so the baby can tip its head back and swallow it.

Be sure it stays warm, isn’t being pecked by the others, and continues feeding at least every 2 hours until it is able to get food and water on its own.

If it begins to perk up, you can mix a pinch of chick starter feed into the yogurt mix and see if it will peck at the mix to eat.

If the little one had a difficult hatch or is just a bit weak from shipping, but is otherwise healthy, this should get it through a rough patch.

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How to Treat Pasty Butt

Young poultry will sometimes have runny bowel movements that stick to their vent and fluffy little butts. If left unattended, this mess can paste over the vent entirely and prevent them from pooping.

This will kill a chick if the feces isn’t gently cleaned with warm water and a cloth or cotton swab. Be very careful not to tear their delicate skin while cleaning them.

Feed these babies some plain, unsweetened yogurt mixed with water as you would a weak chick, as described above. This will introduce beneficial bacteria to their digestive system and help eliminate the runny droppings.

Do not give any sugar, electrolytes, or anything with sugar in it as this can make pasty butt worse. Probiotics, water with real apple cider vinegar (with the mother), or plain yogurt are best.

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Mushy Chick

This is a result of an infection starting in the yolk sac or the unhealed naval of the chick and is almost always fatal. You can attempt to administer antibiotics, but if the chicks do survive they are unlikely to thrive.

Prevent the problem in the first place with proper incubation methods. (Refer to the section on Incubating eggs, above.)

Symptoms include: the naval area looks infected, the abdomen is swollen and/or dark blue, a foul odor is coming from the navel, and the chick seems tired and doesn’t eat.

These little ones should be removed from the brooder immediately to prevent the spread of the disease. Put them in a separate brooder and disinfect any surface they may have touched.

Wash your hands thoroughly each time you handle them. Bacteria can cause infections in people too.

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Coccidiosis

If you are concerned about coccidiosis, give your chicks a medicated feed or have them vaccinated at the hatchery. This disease is caused by parasites that are common in soil.

Symptoms include bloody diarrhea and a bloody vent.

It spreads quickly through feces so remove any sick chicks and disinfect the brooder immediately.

Give them feed containing a coccidiostat (unless they received a vaccine for coccidiosis) and keep water and brooder clean.

Keeping a healthy flock, rotating pasture, vaccinating or feeding medicated chick starter, and keeping chicks separate from adults will help prevent problems.

Young birds may develop resistance to local cocci populations. Some chicken keepers encourage good health for resistance, rather than using medications.

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Vitamin & Mineral Deficiencies

There are too many possibilities to mention here. Most likely if you are feeding a fresh, balanced chick starter, the baby birds are getting all of the nutrients that they need.

If you aren’t sure, you may feed them a mashed boiled egg (remove the shell). If they have trouble eating this, mix it with enough water to make a thin gruel and feed it with an eyedropper by touching the food to the tip of their beak. Do not force feed or the chick may aspirate (fluid gets into the lungs and kills the chick).

Mixing a little bit of yogurt in with the egg will introduce beneficial bacteria to the gut and that may help too. For more information about deficiencies, check out this website…The Merck Veterinary Manual.

Preventing Injuries

Young poultry are susceptible to injuries if they are not in a safe environment. Prevent injuries because it is very difficult to treat them.

If a chick is injured, remove it from the brooder to prevent picking from its hatch mates. Small cuts, scrapes, and pecks can be treated with an antibiotic cream (without numbing agents or pain relievers). Be sure that the injured chick is kept warm and has food and water available.

When it has healed, put it back in with the others. Watch to make sure that they don’t gang up on the ‘newbie.’ If they do, put up a small see-through barrier so they get used to each other again and then reintroduce. In instances where bones are broken or there are other internal injuries, home treatment is very difficult. Fashion small splints from cotton swabs and small strips of ace bandages.

If you do not have time to care for the chick and you don’t wish to seek veterinary attention, it might be best to put the chick down.

Putting a Chick Down

Sometimes it is necessary to euthanize a chick. If you wish to take it to a veterinarian who specializes in bird care, you have that option.

This article is not a complete reference for caring for sick or injured baby poultry. It is intended as a starting point. For more information about poultry diseases, check out this website…The Poultry Site ~ Diseases of Poultry.

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How to Treat a Sick Baby Chick
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